Intro(Written by Sarah.E with support from Abby. H)
The knight is on his horse, with his lords and other knights by his side, facing the coming enemy. They have been trying to attack the small castle for many days but the knights have kept them away. The enemy waits for their battle call. Silence comes from all directions, and fear spreads throughout the air. Finally they charge, their faces tight with tension, their eyes wide with fear, yet they ride with an air of superiority. The medieval ages are very important time in history, one of the main bases for modern tales. With its Castles, Knights, Monarchs, Lords and Ladies, and Serfs, stories had developed, making up a lot of fiction today. Most people think the Medieval Ages is about princesses and knights in shining armor but its more than that, it has created everything that shaped us today.
The knight is on his horse, with his lords and other knights by his side, facing the coming enemy. They have been trying to attack the small castle for many days but the knights have kept them away. The enemy waits for their battle call. Silence comes from all directions, and fear spreads throughout the air. Finally they charge, their faces tight with tension, their eyes wide with fear, yet they ride with an air of superiority. The medieval ages are very important time in history, one of the main bases for modern tales. With its Castles, Knights, Monarchs, Lords and Ladies, and Serfs, stories had developed, making up a lot of fiction today. Most people think the Medieval Ages is about princesses and knights in shining armor but its more than that, it has created everything that shaped us today.
Feudalism(Written by Abby.H with support from Sarah.E)
All the people inside of the social hierarchy depended on one another. The land conquered by the monarch was divided, and given to the upper nobles who had made an oath of fealty towards him. The monarch demanded that since he had given the lords land to rule over, the lords must provide him with armies. The upper nobles split their land between lower nobles, who hire knights to protect their land. In return for protecting their land, the lower nobles divide their land among their knights for payment. On the knight’s land, peasants and serfs live, farming the land, and paying taxes to their lord. If one of the lower noble’s were attacked, the upper noble would send the other lower noble’s armies to protect their land. When an upper noble’s land was fought for, the monarch himself would send the other upper nobles to the battlefield. The whole kingdom fought for one another, and was given land in return.
All the people inside of the social hierarchy depended on one another. The land conquered by the monarch was divided, and given to the upper nobles who had made an oath of fealty towards him. The monarch demanded that since he had given the lords land to rule over, the lords must provide him with armies. The upper nobles split their land between lower nobles, who hire knights to protect their land. In return for protecting their land, the lower nobles divide their land among their knights for payment. On the knight’s land, peasants and serfs live, farming the land, and paying taxes to their lord. If one of the lower noble’s were attacked, the upper noble would send the other lower noble’s armies to protect their land. When an upper noble’s land was fought for, the monarch himself would send the other upper nobles to the battlefield. The whole kingdom fought for one another, and was given land in return.
The life of monarchs(Written by Ed. P)
The life of a monarch was a very rare thing to see, because the iconic gold crown worn by monarchs or kings and queens was very expensive, because of how much gold and jewels it took to make just one crown. At this time the French were doing the exact same thing. This branch of kings and queens started in 1377. The first royal house (ie. the first castle) was built in england in 1377 as well. This branch of kings ended with king richard the 3rd in 1483.
The last royal house was built in 1485 just 2 years after king richards defeat. Another thing that made kings a somewhat low class was that they only controlled their higher nobles instead of the land they owned and gave that land to their higher nobles. Then when the higher nobles land was being attacked the higher noble had to send a message to the king in order to get reinforcements. The higher nobles were also a sort of king of their knights.Then the knights had control over their serfs to take care of their land.
The life of a monarch was a very rare thing to see, because the iconic gold crown worn by monarchs or kings and queens was very expensive, because of how much gold and jewels it took to make just one crown. At this time the French were doing the exact same thing. This branch of kings and queens started in 1377. The first royal house (ie. the first castle) was built in england in 1377 as well. This branch of kings ended with king richard the 3rd in 1483.
The last royal house was built in 1485 just 2 years after king richards defeat. Another thing that made kings a somewhat low class was that they only controlled their higher nobles instead of the land they owned and gave that land to their higher nobles. Then when the higher nobles land was being attacked the higher noble had to send a message to the king in order to get reinforcements. The higher nobles were also a sort of king of their knights.Then the knights had control over their serfs to take care of their land.
Lords and Ladies (Written by Abby .H)
The lords and ladies are considered to princesses and princes, people living out of a fairytale, riding off into the sunset in modern day tales. Lords and ladies lives were quite the opposite. They had actual jobs, supporting their household in various ways, and weren’t always as powerful as they were told to be in tales. Each still held responsibility and had a duty to his or her kingdom. A lord’s job varied, while a lady had specific jobs attending to her household. The lords and ladies played an important role in the feudalism system, their loyalty to the king important in the feudal system.
Lords and ladies were taught about their future roles very early on. From a very young age, lords and ladies were trained to complete their assumed accomplishments and duties. Boys were sent to train with other nobles at a young age, working as a page for other noble families, to create an alliance or bond. In exchange for the page’s work, the noble’s family would teach them the necessary skills, such as schooling, hunting, and sword skills. From there, they would become a squire, and if lucky a knight at the young age of 21. Ladies were sometimes sent away to learn about a lady’s duties at a young age, or were taught by their mothers how to care for their own household. The work of the children while young affected their future and their options in life.
Ladies were one of the leader’s in their household, and were stronger than thought to be in modern day. They were in charge of the household, managing their husband’s land while he was absent. Also they took care of the money, managing their finances. Besides handling land and financial matters, ladies also organized social events like parties. Ladies also participated in other sophisticated practices. Often, ladies played chess, hunted, weaved, embroidered, read, and other activities. But not all of a ladies duties were easy. One of a lady’s duties was to provide an heir for her lord. Unfortunately women often died, due to the lack of medical knowledge. Ladies usually had more than eight children, and was lucky if she hadn’t lost one child in birth. If a lady’s husband died, she was able to inherit the land, and perform her husband’s former duties. Sadly a woman didn’t have all the rights of a man. If a widow didn’t want to marry a man that her overlord had chosen for her, she would have to pay an expensive fee. Ladies had complicated lives, filled with tragedy and leisure. They don’t deserve the title of helpless damsel in distress. Ladies were heroines, strong women in their time.
Lords were strong like the tales said. But the stories leave out the struggle that those men were often faced with. Often a lord was born with wealth and inherited land. Everything a lord did was for land and wealth. The more land a lord owned, the more people he had serving underneath him. A lord married, fought, and made alliances for land to add to his wide expanse of properties. Many lords didn't just rule their land but held a job. Some of these jobs were sheriff, treasurer, and chamberlain. Besides their job, a lord also made money from criminals. In some places the lords tried criminals, acting as a judge. In the case of a minor crime, the criminal was simply fined, and the money went to the lord. Although a lord had few moments dedicated to leisure, he didn’t spend all of his time working and judging criminals. In his free time, he and several others would go on a long hunt, as shown in several tapestries. The tales tell of strong men, but the tales aren’t exactly accurate. These lords were vital to the feudal system, but had a huge motivation towards money.
Tales tell of princesses and princes. But in the real world, the lords and ladies lived real lives, and had duties to their kingdom. They started to learn these duties at a young age, growing up into powerful people. The lords ruled over their land, while the ladies took care of their household. Each was superior and often had to lead armies into battle. Both of them had important roles in the feudal system, and were so much more vital than the stories said.
The lords and ladies are considered to princesses and princes, people living out of a fairytale, riding off into the sunset in modern day tales. Lords and ladies lives were quite the opposite. They had actual jobs, supporting their household in various ways, and weren’t always as powerful as they were told to be in tales. Each still held responsibility and had a duty to his or her kingdom. A lord’s job varied, while a lady had specific jobs attending to her household. The lords and ladies played an important role in the feudalism system, their loyalty to the king important in the feudal system.
Lords and ladies were taught about their future roles very early on. From a very young age, lords and ladies were trained to complete their assumed accomplishments and duties. Boys were sent to train with other nobles at a young age, working as a page for other noble families, to create an alliance or bond. In exchange for the page’s work, the noble’s family would teach them the necessary skills, such as schooling, hunting, and sword skills. From there, they would become a squire, and if lucky a knight at the young age of 21. Ladies were sometimes sent away to learn about a lady’s duties at a young age, or were taught by their mothers how to care for their own household. The work of the children while young affected their future and their options in life.
Ladies were one of the leader’s in their household, and were stronger than thought to be in modern day. They were in charge of the household, managing their husband’s land while he was absent. Also they took care of the money, managing their finances. Besides handling land and financial matters, ladies also organized social events like parties. Ladies also participated in other sophisticated practices. Often, ladies played chess, hunted, weaved, embroidered, read, and other activities. But not all of a ladies duties were easy. One of a lady’s duties was to provide an heir for her lord. Unfortunately women often died, due to the lack of medical knowledge. Ladies usually had more than eight children, and was lucky if she hadn’t lost one child in birth. If a lady’s husband died, she was able to inherit the land, and perform her husband’s former duties. Sadly a woman didn’t have all the rights of a man. If a widow didn’t want to marry a man that her overlord had chosen for her, she would have to pay an expensive fee. Ladies had complicated lives, filled with tragedy and leisure. They don’t deserve the title of helpless damsel in distress. Ladies were heroines, strong women in their time.
Lords were strong like the tales said. But the stories leave out the struggle that those men were often faced with. Often a lord was born with wealth and inherited land. Everything a lord did was for land and wealth. The more land a lord owned, the more people he had serving underneath him. A lord married, fought, and made alliances for land to add to his wide expanse of properties. Many lords didn't just rule their land but held a job. Some of these jobs were sheriff, treasurer, and chamberlain. Besides their job, a lord also made money from criminals. In some places the lords tried criminals, acting as a judge. In the case of a minor crime, the criminal was simply fined, and the money went to the lord. Although a lord had few moments dedicated to leisure, he didn’t spend all of his time working and judging criminals. In his free time, he and several others would go on a long hunt, as shown in several tapestries. The tales tell of strong men, but the tales aren’t exactly accurate. These lords were vital to the feudal system, but had a huge motivation towards money.
Tales tell of princesses and princes. But in the real world, the lords and ladies lived real lives, and had duties to their kingdom. They started to learn these duties at a young age, growing up into powerful people. The lords ruled over their land, while the ladies took care of their household. Each was superior and often had to lead armies into battle. Both of them had important roles in the feudal system, and were so much more vital than the stories said.
Serfs(Written by Sarah.E)
Serfs were the other successor of the Roman slaves.Serfs were the lowest class but still had a very important part because they were the ones who harvested all the crops for the lords. There are two names that they went by, Serfs or Villeins. Also Serfs couldn’t be bought or sold. Some Serfs labored in the Lord’s households or at his domain, took care of livestock, and farms.Sometimes when the Serfs were at work they may receive rewards for their work.
To live on the Lords land they had to pay him for the use of the land They worked 3 days out of the week on the lords land but in harvest they did extra work. Serfs made their payment in grain, honey, eggs, or other foods.To pick the crops they had to use many diffrent tools to help them.The way they got there food was from the forest. When in the forest they could take as much food as they wanted.Serfs did not receive their land as a gift. When building their houses they had to use wattle and daub standing upon stone footing.Serfs wore leather belts or blouse,shoes or large boots, and only wore hats on rainy days. Also he had a knife connected to his belt but once in awhile they wore gloves so they won't cut their hands when they are cutting the hedging.
Serfs were the other successor of the Roman slaves.Serfs were the lowest class but still had a very important part because they were the ones who harvested all the crops for the lords. There are two names that they went by, Serfs or Villeins. Also Serfs couldn’t be bought or sold. Some Serfs labored in the Lord’s households or at his domain, took care of livestock, and farms.Sometimes when the Serfs were at work they may receive rewards for their work.
To live on the Lords land they had to pay him for the use of the land They worked 3 days out of the week on the lords land but in harvest they did extra work. Serfs made their payment in grain, honey, eggs, or other foods.To pick the crops they had to use many diffrent tools to help them.The way they got there food was from the forest. When in the forest they could take as much food as they wanted.Serfs did not receive their land as a gift. When building their houses they had to use wattle and daub standing upon stone footing.Serfs wore leather belts or blouse,shoes or large boots, and only wore hats on rainy days. Also he had a knife connected to his belt but once in awhile they wore gloves so they won't cut their hands when they are cutting the hedging.
Life in the Towns(Written by Ed. P)
Life in a town was more common than to see the king in his throne. The towns were consisted of mostly serfs and citizens and knights protecting the area. Although this may seem boring in a way there were shops and bazaars available to the public to buy food and supplies for their families. Then off in the background there is the kings castle majestic enough its big but not that big in some stories told in books and cartoons we have today. Then when the town got attacked by an enemy the guards (ie. knights) protected the serfs and civilians from the raiders. Other people would go to other kingdoms to buy high-end items and food. In return the people that went to other kingdoms will travel each others kingdom. Then the king would throw a feast once in a while for having visitors. Then again another kingdom was being raided and the process repeats. So this is two categories explained to the public.
Life in a town was more common than to see the king in his throne. The towns were consisted of mostly serfs and citizens and knights protecting the area. Although this may seem boring in a way there were shops and bazaars available to the public to buy food and supplies for their families. Then off in the background there is the kings castle majestic enough its big but not that big in some stories told in books and cartoons we have today. Then when the town got attacked by an enemy the guards (ie. knights) protected the serfs and civilians from the raiders. Other people would go to other kingdoms to buy high-end items and food. In return the people that went to other kingdoms will travel each others kingdom. Then the king would throw a feast once in a while for having visitors. Then again another kingdom was being raided and the process repeats. So this is two categories explained to the public.
Castles(written by Will.B)
Castles were made for defense by the monarchs. Castles were basically just a big wall surrounding a town. The first castles were made by the Normans. Castles were well protected by their great defenses. Archers were at the top shooting down the enemies on the ladders. Knights protected the castle in favor of the king. Castles were made out of stone all the way around. They were mostly built in flat roofed houses. The castles were first developed in Western Europe, Germany, Denmark with the first moat and bailey. They were 100 feet to about 300 feet in diameter. Castles were the key to the Monarch's power. The wooden stockade was made out of boards and logs. There would be a little room made for keeping stock in case of emergencies. They used wooden gates bound together with metal and nails. The drawbridge was made for going over the moat like a bridge. The rest was a solid blank wall to keep out intruders. The high walls were a challenge on the intruder side. Castles were a great line of defense for the people inside.
Castles were made for defense by the monarchs. Castles were basically just a big wall surrounding a town. The first castles were made by the Normans. Castles were well protected by their great defenses. Archers were at the top shooting down the enemies on the ladders. Knights protected the castle in favor of the king. Castles were made out of stone all the way around. They were mostly built in flat roofed houses. The castles were first developed in Western Europe, Germany, Denmark with the first moat and bailey. They were 100 feet to about 300 feet in diameter. Castles were the key to the Monarch's power. The wooden stockade was made out of boards and logs. There would be a little room made for keeping stock in case of emergencies. They used wooden gates bound together with metal and nails. The drawbridge was made for going over the moat like a bridge. The rest was a solid blank wall to keep out intruders. The high walls were a challenge on the intruder side. Castles were a great line of defense for the people inside.
Law and Punishment( Written by Abby H.)
Many people aren’t aware of the effect that the laws and punishments had on people during the Medieval Ages, and just understand the cruelty and hardship that offenders had to face. Those people’s views on Medieval punishments and laws are very correct, but not thorough. The laws that were put into place were enforced with punishments that are now only written about, to show horror and spread fear in the reader’s mind. The laws placed in the medieval times were restrictive, and in some cases, ridiculous. Punishments ranged from a long tortuous death, to a severed limb. Medieval Law was restrictive, and when broken, resulted in an extended torture, followed by death.
Different laws resulted in certain punishments that seemed fit. Also, depending on the status of the offender, and the size of the crime, the torture and consequence varied. An adulterous woman was drowned, while a murderous man would be hung until near death, and then quartered. Smaller crimes had less of a deadly result. For example, a thief would have his right hand chopped off. Even non harmful crimes meant punishment. If anyone was found illegally hunting, they would be captured, and have one of their ears cut off. A simple death was considered merciful, extended pain in a long death considered ordinary.
Throughout the Medieval Ages, different systems were used to determine if the criminal was innocent or guilty of the crime accused. In the beginning of the Medieval times, they used a type of trial called the ordeals. The ordeals were based on superstition, putting the accused through a painful or risky situation, the outcome determining the innocence of the prisoner. There were several ordeals, one called the Ordeal by fire. In this ordeal, the accused would hold a red hot iron bar in his hand while he walked three paces. If he healed in less then three days, he was declared innocent. Another ordeal was the Ordeal by water. The prisoner would be put in deep water, and if he floated, he was claimed guilty, and most likely killed. The final ordeal was the Ordeal by combat. In this form of ordeal, the criminal would be put in a fight that most often ended in death. The victor was called innocent, the loser usually dead. Soon afterwards, the system developed to where the Medieval society created an actual court to judge the accused. If anyone refused to come to their trial, they were tortured. The timeline of Medieval ages was full of different systems that developed and shaped today's court.
Many torture techniques were used to punish people in the medieval ages. Like the stories, many castles had a torture chamber below the higher floors. Since their were no laws protecting the prisoners held in the chambers, many civilians died in the process. One of the less painful forms of torture was the whippings and the long periods of standing in the stocks. Torture was believed to scare people into obeying the law and to keep from a rebellion. Usually torture ended in death. Some of these deaths were meant to kill quickly, but now in modern day, we realize the torture in these deaths. Hangings were one of these deaths. The gallows were left with the bodies, to warn off villains and offenders. Medieval times was unfortunately known for its torture, and the gruesome deaths that happened in this that time period.
Laws and punishments is one of the more widely known subjects in the medieval times. The punishments were made for specific people, the cruelty of the torture depending on the status of the offender. Slowly, they developed a court system that determined the punishment. The torture that they did use killed many people, and unfortunately is one of the bigger components remembered in this age. Law and Punishment was important though, because it formed many tales told in modern day, and taught the future generations how torture has never solved anything.
Many people aren’t aware of the effect that the laws and punishments had on people during the Medieval Ages, and just understand the cruelty and hardship that offenders had to face. Those people’s views on Medieval punishments and laws are very correct, but not thorough. The laws that were put into place were enforced with punishments that are now only written about, to show horror and spread fear in the reader’s mind. The laws placed in the medieval times were restrictive, and in some cases, ridiculous. Punishments ranged from a long tortuous death, to a severed limb. Medieval Law was restrictive, and when broken, resulted in an extended torture, followed by death.
Different laws resulted in certain punishments that seemed fit. Also, depending on the status of the offender, and the size of the crime, the torture and consequence varied. An adulterous woman was drowned, while a murderous man would be hung until near death, and then quartered. Smaller crimes had less of a deadly result. For example, a thief would have his right hand chopped off. Even non harmful crimes meant punishment. If anyone was found illegally hunting, they would be captured, and have one of their ears cut off. A simple death was considered merciful, extended pain in a long death considered ordinary.
Throughout the Medieval Ages, different systems were used to determine if the criminal was innocent or guilty of the crime accused. In the beginning of the Medieval times, they used a type of trial called the ordeals. The ordeals were based on superstition, putting the accused through a painful or risky situation, the outcome determining the innocence of the prisoner. There were several ordeals, one called the Ordeal by fire. In this ordeal, the accused would hold a red hot iron bar in his hand while he walked three paces. If he healed in less then three days, he was declared innocent. Another ordeal was the Ordeal by water. The prisoner would be put in deep water, and if he floated, he was claimed guilty, and most likely killed. The final ordeal was the Ordeal by combat. In this form of ordeal, the criminal would be put in a fight that most often ended in death. The victor was called innocent, the loser usually dead. Soon afterwards, the system developed to where the Medieval society created an actual court to judge the accused. If anyone refused to come to their trial, they were tortured. The timeline of Medieval ages was full of different systems that developed and shaped today's court.
Many torture techniques were used to punish people in the medieval ages. Like the stories, many castles had a torture chamber below the higher floors. Since their were no laws protecting the prisoners held in the chambers, many civilians died in the process. One of the less painful forms of torture was the whippings and the long periods of standing in the stocks. Torture was believed to scare people into obeying the law and to keep from a rebellion. Usually torture ended in death. Some of these deaths were meant to kill quickly, but now in modern day, we realize the torture in these deaths. Hangings were one of these deaths. The gallows were left with the bodies, to warn off villains and offenders. Medieval times was unfortunately known for its torture, and the gruesome deaths that happened in this that time period.
Laws and punishments is one of the more widely known subjects in the medieval times. The punishments were made for specific people, the cruelty of the torture depending on the status of the offender. Slowly, they developed a court system that determined the punishment. The torture that they did use killed many people, and unfortunately is one of the bigger components remembered in this age. Law and Punishment was important though, because it formed many tales told in modern day, and taught the future generations how torture has never solved anything.
Customs/Rites (Written by Sarah E)
Birth:
In medieval Times when a mother was giving birth to her child a friend would be right by her side giving her support or helping. After the birth the child was wiped clean with a swaddle. To give the baby a sweet flavor of life they would rub their gums with honey. After a couple of weeks Baptism took place. The godparents (who were chosen at the baptism) helped raise the child alongside the parents.
Marriage:
When people got married they mostly were married forever. The wife had to choose to live in their own house or live with her husband. Sometime men can marry more than one woman. When married the husband controlled everyone in his household so that meant that women were powerless. The wife mostly cleaned, cooked, did laundry and many other chores around the household. If the wife or husband past away mostly the wealthy would stay widows and least likely remarried. The children took over the household after their parents have passed away.
Death:
Most people died at middle age at home with their family surrounding them. Most of the time if they were still alive when the priest got there they would make the will. When the person passed away, the priest would touch their eyes, ears, nose, mouth, feet, and hands with oil. After they would wash and wrapped the body in fabric. When the funeral was set up the older people will help prepare it. Not everybody would have a funeral, mostly the wealthy people would. When people would die everyone would never forget them.W
Birth:
In medieval Times when a mother was giving birth to her child a friend would be right by her side giving her support or helping. After the birth the child was wiped clean with a swaddle. To give the baby a sweet flavor of life they would rub their gums with honey. After a couple of weeks Baptism took place. The godparents (who were chosen at the baptism) helped raise the child alongside the parents.
Marriage:
When people got married they mostly were married forever. The wife had to choose to live in their own house or live with her husband. Sometime men can marry more than one woman. When married the husband controlled everyone in his household so that meant that women were powerless. The wife mostly cleaned, cooked, did laundry and many other chores around the household. If the wife or husband past away mostly the wealthy would stay widows and least likely remarried. The children took over the household after their parents have passed away.
Death:
Most people died at middle age at home with their family surrounding them. Most of the time if they were still alive when the priest got there they would make the will. When the person passed away, the priest would touch their eyes, ears, nose, mouth, feet, and hands with oil. After they would wash and wrapped the body in fabric. When the funeral was set up the older people will help prepare it. Not everybody would have a funeral, mostly the wealthy people would. When people would die everyone would never forget them.W
Conclusion(Written by Abby. H)
Medieval society was the one of the most important elements of the middle ages. It created part of the image we see in modern culture.The many social classes, environments and traditions shaped today's idea of Medieval Times. The mistakes and pros of their system helped make our government, morals, and idea of humanity. Without their mistakes and victories, we wouldn't have today. The serfs, lords and ladies, monarchs, knights, towns, castles, laws, and ceremonies made a base for today's jobs, laws, buildings, and traditions. We couldn't of made it to the present without the past.
Medieval society was the one of the most important elements of the middle ages. It created part of the image we see in modern culture.The many social classes, environments and traditions shaped today's idea of Medieval Times. The mistakes and pros of their system helped make our government, morals, and idea of humanity. Without their mistakes and victories, we wouldn't have today. The serfs, lords and ladies, monarchs, knights, towns, castles, laws, and ceremonies made a base for today's jobs, laws, buildings, and traditions. We couldn't of made it to the present without the past.
Research resources list:
-Hinds,Kathryn.Everyday in Medieval Europe.New York:Marshall Cavendish,2009.print
-Nardo,Don.The Medieval Castle.San Diego:Lucent Books,Inc,1998.Print
-Alchin Linda.”Lady of the Manor.” Lords and Ladies.N.P.,July 2012.Web.17 Feb
-”Serfs”serfs.N.P.,n.d.Web.09 Feb.2014
-Hawes,Joseph M.”marriage”American History.ABC-CLIO,2014 Web.19.Feb.2014
-Nash, Tim. “Crime and Punishment in the Middle Ages.” Finer Times. The Finer Times, n.d.Web.20 Feb. 2014
-Trueman, Chris. “Medieval Law and Order.” History Learning Site. History Learning Site,n.d.Web.20 Feb. 2014
-Hinds,Kathryn.Everyday in Medieval Europe.New York:Marshall Cavendish,2009.print
-Nardo,Don.The Medieval Castle.San Diego:Lucent Books,Inc,1998.Print
-Alchin Linda.”Lady of the Manor.” Lords and Ladies.N.P.,July 2012.Web.17 Feb
-”Serfs”serfs.N.P.,n.d.Web.09 Feb.2014
-Hawes,Joseph M.”marriage”American History.ABC-CLIO,2014 Web.19.Feb.2014
-Nash, Tim. “Crime and Punishment in the Middle Ages.” Finer Times. The Finer Times, n.d.Web.20 Feb. 2014
-Trueman, Chris. “Medieval Law and Order.” History Learning Site. History Learning Site,n.d.Web.20 Feb. 2014